Folks,
This is a follow-on to yesterday's post,
Wednesday Night Bible Study, in which I lamented the imperfect understanding which many non-Catholics (and sadly most Catholics too, for that matter) have on correctly interpeting Sacred Scripture. To address this issue among Catholics at my parish, in November of 2009 one of my fellow parishioners and myself presented the following training course to our Catholic Apologetics class that meets on a Thursday evening once per month. I offer this for the reader's understanding:
Foundational principles for reading and interpreting Sacred Scripture are found in Paragraphs 10 and 11 of
Dei Verbum – see full text online at the Vatican web site.
“Sacred tradition and Sacred Scripture form one sacred deposit of the word of God, committed to the Church. But the task of authentically interpreting the word of God, whether written or handed on, has been entrusted exclusively to the living teaching office of the Church, whose authority is exercised in the name of Jesus Christ.” (Paragraph 10 in Dei Verbum)
The essential problem involved in interpreting scripture (exegesis) is expressed by Hans Urs von Balthasar as follows:
“Scripture says of man that he has never seen God, that God dwells in unapproachable light, that no created being can fathom His inner life. How then can man, who is created with an orientation towards God and constantly seeks Him, begin to interpret Him?”
Only God, who has the vision of His own wisdom, is able to reveal His wisdom.
“No one has ever seen God. The only Son, God, who is at the Father's side, has revealed him (autos exegesato in Greek). John 1:18
God firstly reveals Himself in the Incarnation of His Son.
Man’s interpretation presupposes that “the love of God has been poured into our hearts by the Holy Spirit who has been given to us” (Romans 5:5). It will then become clear how we can understand God’s interpreting Himself through man without canceling out his mysterious character, or alternately, how the abiding mysteriousness of God does not hinder a real understanding by man.
As true man, Christ can make God intelligible to us through human words, gestures, deeds, and sufferings.
At the same time He still shows us something boundless, which sets us towards deeper comprehension.
Next, the Holy Spirit aids us in understanding, but always in such a way that reminds us we can only understand when we surrender ourselves in faith to the self-revealing God. As the Gospel ceaselessly tells us, not before the Holy Spirit has been sent to them do the Apostles understand what Jesus is telling them.
“But they understood nothing of this; the word remained hidden from them and they failed to comprehend what he said.” (Luke 18:34)
The Spirit is not a second interpretation of God, but rather the perfection of the first and only interpretation.
“But when he comes, the Spirit of truth, he will guide you to all truth. He will not speak on his own, but he will speak what he hears, and will declare to you the things that are coming. He will glorify me, because he will take from what is mine and declare it to you.” (John 16:13-14)
The interpretation of the Spirit takes place within the structures erected and protected by Him.
These are the Church with the Holy Scriptures and the deposit of Sacred Tradition belonging to it, including the distinction between the “Shepherd” and the “flock” characterizing it. These elements are the presupposition for an ever continuing, living interpretation of the Spirit.
Practical aids in interpretation of Scripture
Principles for the interpretation of scripture are contained in article 12 of Dei Verbum. There are two main divisions within the article. The first pertains to ascertaining the meaning intended by the human author by the understanding of the contemporary ways of speaking and writing, and by consideration of the types of literature employed. The second pertains to how Holy Scripture is to be read and interpreted within the Sacred Spirit in which it is written. Under Division 1 (in bold italics for emphasis), there are three subdivisions.
Division 1:
a. However, since God speaks in Sacred Scripture through men in human fashion, the interpreter of Sacred Scripture, in order to see clearly what God wanted to communicate to us, should carefully
investigate what meaning the sacred writers really intended, and what God wanted to manifest by means of their words. To search out the intention of the sacred writers, attention should be given, among other things, to "literary forms." For truth is set forth and expressed differently in texts which are variously historical, prophetic, poetic, or of other forms of discourse.
b. The interpreter must investigate what meaning the sacred writer intended to express and actually expressed in particular circumstances by
using contemporary literary forms in accordance with the situation of his own time and culture.
c. For the correct understanding of what the sacred author wanted to assert, due attention must be paid to the
customary and characteristic styles of feeling, speaking and narrating which prevailed at the time of the sacred writer, and to the patterns men normally employed at that period in their everyday dealings with one another.
Division 2:
But, since Holy Scripture must be read and interpreted in the sacred spirit in which it was written, (a) no less serious attention must be given to the content and unity of the whole of Scripture if the meaning of the sacred texts is to be correctly worked out. (b) The living tradition of the whole Church must be taken into account along with (c) the harmony which exists between elements of the faith (the analogy of faith). It is the task of exegetes to work according to these rules toward a better understanding and explanation of the meaning of Sacred Scripture, so that through preparatory study the judgment of the Church may mature. For all of what has been said about the way of interpreting Scripture is subject finally to the judgment of the Church, which carries out the divine commission and ministry of guarding and interpreting the word of God.
The Catechism of the Catholic Church helps in interpreting the points raised in paragraph 12 of Dei Verbum, so let us take a look at the elements of this statement. (CCC 109)
1. This section refers to the use of the historical critical method. The following is from the document on the historicity of the gospels issued by the Pontifical Commission in April, 1964.
“This method thoroughly investigates the sources, and analyzes their nature and value, relying, on the help of textual criticism, literary criticism, and linguistic knowledge.
The commentator will pay heed to the insistent admonition of Pius XII. "Let him prudently examine what the manner of expression or the literary genre used by the sacred writer contributes to a true and accurate interpretation; and let him rest assured that this aspect of his work cannot be neglected without grave detriment to Catholic exegesis." The admonition of Pope Pius XII's lays down a general principle of hermeneutics, valid for the interpretation of both the Old and New Testament, because the sacred writers used the patterns of thought and expression native to their contemporaries.”
2. It is the Holy Spirit who guides the Church in the understanding of scripture, and without whom, the scripture would be a dead letter. This is the role that Jesus foretold. “I have much more to tell you, but you cannot bear it now. But when he comes, the Spirit of truth, he will guide you to all truth. He will not speak on his own, but he will speak what he hears, and will declare to you the things that are coming.” (John 16:12-13)
Ignace de la Potterie writes:
“The fundamental principle that guided the Fathers in their way of reading and understanding the Bible was that of the New Testament itself.”
2nd Timothy 3:16 states:
"All scripture is inspired by God and can be profitably used for teaching.”
The Bible is the work of the Spirit, the place of the presence and action of the Spirit: the human word of the Biblical writers is the word which God himself addresses to us. It follows that the Bible contains a divine sense, a sense deeper than the historical and human sense; it is the sense willed by the Spirit, the spiritual sense. As Origen says:
“The scriptures were written under the action of the Spirit of God: and they have, beyond their apparent sense, a certain other sense which eludes most readers. For what is found in it is at one and the same time the figure of certain mysteries and the image of divine realities.”
Saint Jerome comments:
“Whoever….understands Scripture otherwise in the sense required by the Holy Spirit, by whom it was written, even if he does not distance himself from the Church, can nonetheless be called a heretic."
The principle has two complementary aspects, equally important: one is subjective, the other objective. According to the subjective aspect, the interpretation of Scripture ”in the Spirit” is not possible except in the light of faith. Origen says that only the Church understands Scripture, because the Church, “is converted to the Lord” in the faith: for the Church, for her alone, “the veil falls.” (2 Corinthians 3:16). To understand Scripture spiritually, the believer must participate in the Church’s movement of conversion: it is unthinkable, “that an unbeliever should see the word of God.” St Gregory the great affirms this: “The words of God absolutely cannot be penetrated without wisdom; for if one has not received the Spirit of God, he cannot in any way understand the words of God.”
But the objective aspect is no less important: one must read and interpret Scripture “in the same spirit by whom it was written.” It is precisely because of this action of the Spirit in writing the biblical text that it becomes Holy Scripture, Word of God, and that it reveals to us the salvific plan of God, the truth of salvation. Saint Augustine expresses the depth of Scripture;” Wonderful is the depth of Your oracles, whose surface is before us, inviting the little ones; and yet wonderful is the depth, O my God, wonderful is the depth.” Jerome echoes, “Let us not think that the Gospel is in the words of the Scriptures: not on the surface, but in the marrow, not in the leaves of the words, but in the root of comprehension.
To explain this dimension of interiority in the Scripture, the Fathers gladly return to the idea of “mystery” that is contained in the biblical accounts. St Gregory comments on the story of Jacob and Esau explaining that to understand this episode more profoundly, “he must rise at once from history to the mystery.” The peculiarity of Holy Scripture is that “with one and the same word it tells a story and unveils a mystery”. This sense that goes beyond the letter the Fathers ordinarily named allegory.
The three subdivisions under Division 2 are summarized by the Catechism of the Catholic Church as follows:
a. Paragraph 112: Be especially attentive "to the content and unity of the whole Scripture." Different as the books which comprise it may be, Scripture is a unity by reason of the unity of God's plan, of which Christ Jesus is the center and heart, open since his Passover.
b. Paragraph 113: Read the Scripture within "the living Tradition of the whole Church." According to a saying of the Fathers, Sacred Scripture is written principally in the Church's heart rather than in documents and records, for the Church carries in her Tradition the living memorial of God's Word, and it is the Holy Spirit who gives her the spiritual interpretation of the Scripture ("according to the spiritual meaning which the Spirit grants to the Church").
c. Paragraph 114: Be attentive to the analogy of faith. By "analogy of faith" we mean the coherence of the truths of faith among themselves and within the whole plan of Revelation.
The four Senses of Scripture
The principles of the Fathers took on a more systematic form in the medieval period and continues for almost a thousand years. There has been a revival in the modern times and the Catechism of the Catholic Church covers this in paragraphs 115-118.
A famous Latin couplet summarizes the four senses as follows, The Letter speaks of deeds; Allegory to faith; The Moral how to act; Anagogy our destiny.
1. The Literal sense is the meaning conveyed by the words of Scripture and discovered by sound scholarship. All other senses are based on the literal.
2. Allegory is the very object of faith: it is the mystery that is unveiled in history, namely Christ.
3. The moral sense pertains to the moral and religious life of the Christian.
4. The anagogical is the movement toward the final ends, an implicit eschatology.
Note that the word “anagogy” means “interpretation of a word, passage, or text (as of Scripture or poetry) that finds beyond the literal, allegorical, and moral senses a fourth and ultimate spiritual or mystical sense.” It derives from the Greek word “anagoge” which is a derivative of “ana + agein”, meaning to “lead forth” or to “lead again.”
There is under all this the fact that there is only one true sense of Scripture, one unique Mystery signified through all of Scripture, that is “the Mystery of Christ, prefigured or made present by the events, interiorized in the soul of the individual, consummated in glory” (Henri de Lubac)
Paragraph 134 in the Catechism of the Catholic Church states:
All Sacred Scripture is but one book, and this one book is Christ, "because all divine Scripture speaks of Christ, and all divine Scripture is fulfilled in Christ" (Hugh of St. Victor)
Conclusion:
Truth is like a stool resting on three legs:
1. Sacred Scripture (
2nd Timothy 3:16)
2. Sacred Tradition (
2nd Thessalonians 2:15)
3. The Church Herself (
1st Timothy 3:15)
If any one of the legs are removed, then the edifice collapses.
Indeed, regardless of how devout one may consider one's self, and regardless of one's religious denomination, one cannot claim to have God as his Father without the Church being His Mother. Wilfull, knowledgeable rejection of the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church
- IS rejection of God the Father,
- IS rejection of His Son Jesus Chirst, and
- IS rejection of the Holy Spirit which enlivens and empowers the mystical Body of Christ under the See of Peter.
Renegade liberal progressive Catholics are as guilty of this as any Protestant, and perhaps because they KNOW better, they are even MORE culpable, and will one be held appropriately responsible before the Judgement Seat of God Almighty. It will be quite ironic to see Pentecostal and Baptist and Holiness people who were truthful to the Faith as they imperfectly understood it enter those Pearly Gates, while liberal progressive Catholics are cast into outer darkness where they by their evil deeds have always choosen to go.